POR PUNTA ARENAS. ALGUNAS IMÁGENES

DESDE PUNTA ARENAS. PUNTO DE ENCUENTRO EN LA PATAGONIA EN RADIO/TV PRESIDENTE IBAÑEZ, A PARTIR DE LAS 13 HORAS DE HOY SÁBADO

En el segundo programa de Punto de Encuentro en la Patagonia de esta nueva temporada y que se trasmite a partir de las 13 horas en radio/TV Presidente Ibañez, estarán como invitados Nelson Sánchez Oyarzo y Pavel Oyarzún.

En la primera parte, Nelsón Sánchez, magallánico, especialista en mapas antiguos, que está viviendo tanto en Punta Arenas como en Estados Unidos, y que trabaja en Antartic Logistic and Expedition, conversará de su exposición, presentada en el Museo Regional de Magallanes, Cartografía Antártica y que, básicamente, cuenta la historia antártica a través de mapas y su conexión con la región de Magallanes. Los mapas los ha estado coleccionando desde hace unos 30 años, adquiriéndolos en tiendas de antigüedades como por internet. Da una serie de detalles de lo que fue esta exposición, su importancia y la impresión de algunos de los visitantes.

Por otro lado nos habla del destacado pionero del alpinismo moderno, recientemente fallecido, Charles Talbot Porter, geólogo y montañista que desde la década de los 80’ se radicó en la Patagonia. Vivió en Puerto Williams y colaboró con la Universidad de Magallanes y la Universidad de Maine en proyectos sobre el cambio climático, entre otras cosas.

En la segunda parte del programa estará el destacado escritor magallánico Pavel Oyarzún, quien hablará de su última novela, recientemente terminada, como de sus proyectos para este año 2018. Finalmente entrega su recomendación de un libro del escritor argentino Juan José Saer.

PUNTO DE ENCUENTRO EN LA PATAGONIA
Un espacio dedicado al quehacer cultural, un encuentro con sus protagonistas, para contribuir al cambio cultural.
Creado y conducido por Roberto Bravo Vidal
El programa se trasmite por radio/TV Presidente Ibañez de Punta Arenas todos los sábados a partir de las 13 horas.
Se puede escuchar y ver por internet
http://www.radiopresidenteibanez.cl
También se puede ver en el celular
http://ibanez.servercl.com/live/live/index.m3u8

Antarctic diary: 'Before I'd finished my tea, I'd seen three pods of whales'/ Diario antártico: "Antes de terminar mi té, había visto tres grupos de ballenas"

The Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise making its way through icy seas. Photograph: Daniel Beltrá/Daniel Beltrá / Greenpeace

Our environment correspondent Matthew Taylor travelled to an unforgettable region to witness the threat it faces

5 February, Punta Arenas, Chile

I have arrived in Punta Arenas on the southern tip of Chile after a 24-hour whistlestop tour of South American airports. Pleased to see my bags have made it too. I was asked to avoid packing synthetic and down clothing wherever possible because it could contaminate the environment, so was pleased all those carefully selected natural fibres had made it with me across the Atlantic. Luke, my press contact at Greenpeace, meets me, which is just as well as I don’t really speak Spanish. We get a taxi to the dock and I have my first view of the Arctic Sunrise – the Greenpeace ship last in the news when it was stormed by the Russian FSB in the Arctic. It is bustling with people fixing things, loading things, working and chatting. Everyone is friendly. I wonder about the different stories that bring them all here. Are they the kind of people who want to jump off the edge of the map, as Werner Herzog found in his documentary about the Antarctic? The ship is smaller than I’d imagined and more “workmanlike”. If I had ever been in any doubt, I now realise that the next two weeks, crossing some of the roughest water in the world to a place that is mostly uninhabitable, isn’t going to be a cruise.

6 February, Punta Arenas

We were meant to set sail first thing this morning. But the ship is still a flurry of activity and the weather in the Drake Passage – the notorious stretch of water between South America and the Antarctic – is described as “not good”, so we have to wait. I decide to stretch my legs with a walk into the centre of Punta Arenas. It starts off well with a magical view out over forbidding seas towards the Southern Ocean, and I think I spot an albatross. But it ends more prosaically when I am attacked by a dog.

7 February, Punta Arenas

At breakfast I hear sobering tales of the passage ahead. Apparently the ship is notorious for its pitching and rolling, and known affectionately as the “washing machine.” The ship’s doctor, a lovely man, said it can be so severe the walls become the floor and if you hold on to the rail on the bridge your legs fly up behind you so you effectively do a handstand. In the afternoon, I work in my cabin – I want to make sure I make the most of the trip journalistically. Greenpeace is supporting an EU-backed proposal to create the world’s biggest ocean sanctuary in the waters around Antarctica – seas controlled by a disparate group of countries including the UK, US and Australia. While here I hope to report on the undiscovered ecosystems discovered by scientists on board the ship, the threats facing wildlife because of climate change and krill fishing, and the state of the Antarctic ice shelves. But at least as important for me is to soak up as much as I can of this place, and to absorb any wider lessons there may be here for the broader environment movement.

The Guardian’s Matthew Taylor in the Antarctic. Photograph: Daniel Beltrá/Daniel Beltrá / Greenpeace

8 February, Punta Arenas

Did some exercise in the makeshift gym in the hold (a couple of yoga mats, some free weights, a rowing machine and exercise bike) before breakfast. At 8am it is cleaning duty – as I am not crew I don’t have to help out but was told that it aids morale if people pitch in. Surprisingly I have found I quite enjoy sweeping the corridors and cleaning the toilets – it makes me feel, in a very small way, part of the daily routine of life on board. We are due to set sail today and at lunch I overhear the captain and some of the engineers laughing as the “newbies” (journalists, photographers, Greenpeace campaign team) tumble into the mess, talking and laughing. They say something along the lines of “look at them all laughing and happy now ... they have no idea what is coming”.

9 February, Atlantic Ocean, Argentinian coast

I wake to a moderate swell. During cleaning duties I begin to feel a bit rough so finish an article and lie down, which helps a lot. Later I go up on the bridge and speak to the first mate, Fernando, who shows me the weather forecast for the next few days – five-metre-plus swell and 40-knot headwinds. “It will be rough,” he tells me cheerfully. “You will not enjoy it, but it is not dangerous.”

11 February, Drake Passage

I have not been able to leave my bunk for two days as the ship is tossed around by huge waves. The pitching and rolling don’t seem to have any rhythm. One minute I am being pushed with some force into my mattress - the next I am lifted, almost hovering, above the bed. My head is repeatedly shunted into the headboard, my feet into the wall at the end of the bed. Every so often a wave catches the boat just right and I am lifted and shunted at the same time so I am left standing, pretty much vertical, on the wall at the bottom of my bed. I try to make it to the mess but the stairs, which in normal times are steep, become momentarily horizontal when each wave hits. My brain, in its current scrambled state, cannot work out when it is safe to try to get up them, so I retreat to my bed. Luke very kindly brings me a banana.

12 February, Drake Passage

Apparently I am not the only one who has been suffering. Many people have been confined to their bunks and Tom, our Antarctic safety expert, has been so ill he has been put on a drip. Managed to get up for a bit this afternoon and watch Pulp Fiction on the ship television but soon retreat to my bunk. Been told that tomorrow we will wake up in Antarctica proper – and calmer waters!

13 February, Selvick Cove, Antarctic peninsula (64°39′S 62°34′W)

A different world. I see an iceberg through the porthole in the cabin before I get out of bed. After my first breakfast in three days I go onto deck – the first time we have been allowed outside in days. The sea is much calmer and the air bitterly cold. It is quite a scene. Low cloud obscures the tops of the ice-covered mountains rising straight out of the sea and icebergs loom up on either side of the ship. Before I have finished my cup of tea, I see three pods of whales, several seals and innumerable penguins. The place teems with life. To my deprived modern eye, used to sparsely populated “nature”, it feels an almost claustrophobic, disconcerting level of abundance. Another whale – a humpback – arches its tail out of the water and dives into the deep 100 metres from the ship. We have arrived.

 Gentoo penguins at Neko Harbour. Photograph: Daniel Beltrá/Daniel Beltrá / Greenpeace

14 February, Danco Island, Antarctic peninsula (64°44′S 62°37′W)

Greenpeace takes its responsibilities here seriously. The expedition involves lots of landings to view penguin colonies and seals close up. We have had several biosecurity briefings explaining how to avoid spreading diseases on our boots and clothes. And today we have to abort a trip to a penguin colony for the wonderful reason that there is too much wildlife. It is impossible to land without disturbing them. As one of the ship’s crew says, “this has to be a place where the needs of the wildlife come before anything else.”

15 February, Cuverville Island, Antarctic peninsula (64°41′S 62°38′W)

I’m supposed to be going on a helicopter ride across the peninsula to land – the first time it’s been done – on the huge iceberg the size of London that broke away from the Larsen C ice shelf last year. So far, however, the weather has not been good enough. I am slightly anxious about the trip as the pilot, who is very experienced in the region, is obviously not convinced it is a good idea (too far, difficult terrain, etc). But we are on standby to fly at first light tomorrow if weather permits.

16 February, Neko Harbour, Antarctic peninsula (64°50′S 62°39′W)

A bad night’s sleep, due in part to the prospect of the helicopter trip and in part to dreams haunted by the wonderful book I am reading – Apsley Cherry-Garrard’s The Worst Journey in the World, a fascinating and terrifying account of the bravery of the men involved in the British attempt to reach the south pole in 1910. At a 4am meeting, it is decided the weather is too bad. Later, Greenpeace decides to cancel the trip altogether because of the pilot’s concerns. It is a shame, but the right decision. It is the second mate’s birthday and there’s a bit of a party in the evening, booze flowing and good fun all round.

18 February, McFarlane Strait to Hero Bay

A magical day. It is my favourite kind of weather: clear blue sky and sharp cold air. The visibility is pin-sharp and the views from the ship are quite incredible – some of the ridges and peaks I can see would be famous if they were anywhere else in the world. Spent a couple of hours in a penguin colony just watching them waddle to and from the sea, as seals bobbed in and out of the surf and whales glided past in the distance. A day that will stay long in the memory.

Greenpeace inflatables explore one of the South Shetland Islands. Photograph: Daniel Beltrá/Daniel Beltrá / Greenpeace

20 February, King George Island (62°02′S 58°21′W)

Last morning on the ship. We don’t have to brave the Drake Passage on the way back, but our flight on a small plane to Chile is weather-dependent, so I’m a bit tense. I have been away for nearly three weeks and I’m keen to be reunited with my young family. But after a couple of hours’ wait we get the all-clear from the airport – which I later discover consists of a couple of huts on a bleak, wind-ravaged island – and we are on our way. I take one last look out of the window at the Antarctic being swallowed up by the cloud below. What a privilege it has been.

21 February, Santiago Airport, Chile

I sit in the airport, having a beer and waiting for my 14-hour flight back to London. The images of ice and mountains, and the abundance of life in Antarctic waters, are still fresh in my mind: they bring a smile to my face as I write. I have discovered I don’t possess sea-legs but have nevertheless managed to publisharticles from the ship, trying to give readers an idea of what is at stake down here – and how a new ocean sanctuary might begin to address some of those issues. I feel I have gained a lifelong appreciation for this truly remarkable place and an understanding – which I hope has come across in my reporting – that although Antarctica seems like an untouched, pristine wilderness, it is threatened by the all-too-familiar perils of climate change and industrial-scale fishing. As I scroll through my emails waiting to board, I read some grim reports about freakishly high temperatures at the other side of the world, in the Arctic. This only reinforces the overriding impression I have been left with at the end of this trip: if we don’t wake up to the threats we face and change, this place – along with much else – will be lost.

Nuestro corresponsal de medio ambiente Matthew Taylor viajó a una región inolvidable para presenciar la amenaza que enfrenta

5 de febrero, Punta Arenas, Chile

Llegué a Punta Arenas, en el extremo sur de Chile, después de un recorrido de 24 horas por los aeropuertos sudamericanos. Me complace ver que mis maletas también lo han hecho. Me pidieron que evitara empacar ropa sintética y de plumón siempre que fuera posible porque podía contaminar el medio ambiente, por lo que me complació que todas esas fibras naturales cuidadosamente seleccionadas hubieran logrado cruzar el Atlántico conmigo. Luke, mi contacto de prensa en Greenpeace, se encuentra conmigo, lo cual es tan bueno como realmente no hablo español. Tomamos un taxi hasta el muelle y tengo mi primera vista del Arctic Sunrise: el barco de Greenpeace fue noticia por última vez cuando fue asaltado por el FSB ruso en el Ártico. Está lleno de gente arreglando cosas, cargando cosas, trabajando y conversando. Todos son amigables. Me pregunto acerca de las diferentes historias que los traen aquí. ¿Son el tipo de personas que quieren saltar del borde del mapa, como descubrió Werner Herzog en su documental sobre la Antártida? El barco es más pequeño de lo que había imaginado y más "trabajador". Si alguna vez hubiera tenido alguna duda, ahora me doy cuenta de que las próximas dos semanas, cruzar algunas de las aguas más agitadas del mundo a un lugar que en su mayoría es inhabitable, no será un crucero.

6 de febrero, Punta Arenas

Estábamos destinados a zarpar a primera hora de esta mañana. Pero el barco sigue siendo un torbellino de actividad y el clima en el Pasaje Drake -el notorio tramo de agua entre Sudamérica y la Antártida- se describe como "no bueno", así que tenemos que esperar. Decido estirar las piernas caminando hacia el centro de Punta Arenas. Empieza bien con una vista mágica sobre mar amenazador hacia el Océano Austral, y creo que veo un albatros. Pero termina más prosaicamente cuando soy atacado por un perro.

7 de febrero, Punta Arenas

En el desayuno, escucho historias aleccionadoras del pasaje por delante. Aparentemente, el barco es famoso por sus lanzamientos y vueltas, y conocido cariñosamente como la "lavadora". El médico del barco, un hombre encantador, dijo que puede ser tan severo que las paredes se convierten en el piso y si te agarras a la barandilla del puentea tus piernas hacia atrás para que puedas hacer una parada de manos. Por la tarde, trabajo en mi cabina; quiero asegurarme de que aproveche al máximo el viaje de forma periodística. Greenpeace está apoyando una propuesta respaldada por la UE para crear el mayor santuario marino del mundo en las aguas alrededor de la Antártida, mares controlados por un grupo dispar de países, incluidos el Reino Unido, EE. UU. Y Australia. Mientras estoy aquí espero informar sobre los ecosistemas no descubiertos descubiertos por los científicos a bordo del barco, las amenazas que enfrenta la vida silvestre debido al cambio climático y la pesca de kril, y el estado de las plataformas de hielo de la Antártida. Pero al menos tan importante para mí es absorber todo lo que pueda de este lugar, y absorber cualquier lección más amplia que pueda haber aquí para el movimiento más amplio del medio ambiente.

8 de febrero, Punta Arenas

Hizo algo de ejercicio en el gimnasio improvisado en la bodega (un par de colchonetas de yoga, algunas pesas, una máquina de remo y una bicicleta de ejercicios) antes del desayuno. A las 8 a.m. es tarea de limpieza, ya que no soy miembro de la cuadrilla, no tengo que ayudar, pero me dijeron que ayuda a la moral si la gente apoya. Sorprendentemente, he descubierto que disfruto barriendo los pasillos y limpiando los baños, me hace sentir, de una manera muy pequeña, parte de la rutina diaria de la vida a bordo. Hoy zarparemos y en el almuerzo escucho al capitán y algunos de los ingenieros riendo mientras los "novatos" (periodistas, fotógrafos, equipo de campaña de Greenpeace) caen en el comedor, hablando y riendo. Dicen algo como "míralos todos riendo y felices ahora ... no tienen idea de lo que viene".

9 de febrero, Océano Atlántico, costa argentina

Me despierto con un oleaje moderado. Durante las tareas de limpieza, comienzo a sentirme un poco rudo, así que termine un artículo y acuéstese, lo que ayuda mucho. Más tarde subí al puente y hablé con el primer oficial, Fernando, quien me mostró el pronóstico del tiempo para los próximos días: olas de cinco metros o más y vientos en contra de 40 nudos. "Va a ser duro", me dice alegremente. "No lo disfrutarás, pero no es peligroso".

11 de febrero, Paso del Drake

No he podido dejar mi litera durante dos días mientras el barco es sacudido por enormes olas. El lanzamiento y el balanceo no parecen tener ningún ritmo. Un minuto me empujan con fuerza contra el colchón; al siguiente me levantan, casi flotando, sobre la cama. Mi cabeza es repetidamente desviada hacia la cabecera, mis pies en la pared al final de la cama. De vez en cuando una ola atrapa el bote justo y me levantan y se desvían al mismo tiempo, así que me quedo de pie, casi vertical, en la pared al pie de la cama. Intento llegar al desorden pero las escaleras, que en tiempos normales son empinadas, se vuelven momentáneamente horizontales cuando cada ola golpea. Mi cerebro, en su estado revuelto actual, no puede funcionar cuando es seguro tratar de levantarlos, así que me retiro a mi cama. Luke muy amablemente me trae un plátano.

12 de febrero, Paso del Drake

Aparentemente, no soy el único que ha estado sufriendo. Muchas personas han sido confinadas a sus literas y Tom, nuestro experto en seguridad antártica, ha estado tan enfermo que ha sido drogado. Me las arreglé para levantarme un poco esta tarde y mirar Pulp Fiction en la televisión de barco, pero pronto me retiraría a mi litera. Me han dicho que mañana nos despertaremos en la Antártida propiamente dicha, ¡y aguas más tranquilas!

13 de febrero, ensenada de Selvick, península antártica (64 ° 39'S 62 ° 34'O)

Un mundo diferente Veo un iceberg a través del ojo de buey en la cabina antes de salir de la cama. Después de mi primer desayuno en tres días, salgo a cubierta, la primera vez que se nos permite salir en días. El mar está mucho más tranquilo y el aire es muy frío. Es toda una escena. Las nubes bajas oscurecen las cumbres de las montañas cubiertas de hielo que se elevan desde el mar y los icebergs se ciernen a ambos lados del barco. Antes de terminar mi taza de té, veo tres grupos de ballenas, varias focas e innumerables pingüinos. El lugar rebosa de vida. Para mi ojo moderno privado, acostumbrado a la "naturaleza" escasamente poblada, se siente un nivel de abundancia casi claustrofóbico y desconcertante. Otra ballena, una ballena jorobada, arquea su cola fuera del agua y se zambulle en las profundidades a 100 metros del barco. Hemos llegado.

14 de febrero, isla Danco, península Antártica (64 ° 44'S 62 ° 37'O)

Greenpeace toma sus responsabilidades aquí en serio. La expedición implica muchos aterrizajes para ver las colonias de pingüinos y las focas de cerca. Hemos tenido varios informes de bioseguridad explicando cómo evitar la propagación de enfermedades en nuestras botas y ropa. Y hoy tenemos que abortar un viaje a una colonia de pingüinos por la maravillosa razón de que hay demasiada vida salvaje. Es imposible aterrizar sin molestarlos. Como dice uno de los tripulantes del barco, "este tiene que ser un lugar donde las necesidades de la vida silvestre estén antes que cualquier otra cosa".

15 de febrero, isla Cuverville, península antártica (64 ° 41'S 62 ° 38'O)

Se supone que voy en un viaje en helicóptero a través de la península para aterrizar, la primera vez que se ha hecho, en el enorme iceberg del tamaño de Londres que se separó de la plataforma de hielo Larsen C el año pasado. Hasta ahora, sin embargo, el clima no ha sido lo suficientemente bueno. Estoy un poco preocupado por el viaje ya que el piloto, que tiene mucha experiencia en la región, obviamente no está convencido de que sea una buena idea (demasiado lejos, terreno difícil, etc.). Pero estamos listos para volar mañana a primera hora si el clima lo permite.

16 de febrero, puerto de Neko, península antártica (64 ° 50'S 62 ° 39'O)

Una mala noche de sueño, debido en parte a la perspectiva del viaje en helicóptero y en parte a los sueños atormentados por el maravilloso libro que estoy leyendo - El peor viaje en el mundo de Apsley Cherry-Garrard, un relato fascinante y aterrador de la valentía de la hombres involucrados en el intento británico de llegar al polo sur en 1910. En una reunión a las 4 am, se decidió que el clima es muy malo. Más tarde, Greenpeace decide cancelar el viaje por completo debido a las preocupaciones del piloto. Es una pena, pero la decisión correcta. Es el cumpleaños del segundo oficial y hay un poco de fiesta por la noche, el alcohol fluye y es divertido todo el tiempo.

18 de febrero, estrecho de McFarlane a Hero Bay

Un dia magico Es mi tipo de clima favorito: cielo azul claro y aire frío. La visibilidad es nítida y las vistas desde la nave son bastante increíbles, algunas de las crestas y picos que puedo ver serían famosos si estuvieran en cualquier otro lugar del mundo. Pasé un par de horas en una colonia de pingüinos solo observándolos caminar hacia y desde el mar, mientras las focas entraban y salían de las olas y las ballenas se deslizaban en la distancia. Un día que permanecerá largo en la memoria.

20 de febrero, isla Rey Jorge (62 ° 02'S 58 ° 21'O)

La última mañana en el barco. No tenemos que desafiar el Pasaje Drake en el camino de regreso, pero nuestro vuelo en un avión pequeño a Chile depende del clima, por lo que estoy un poco tenso. He estado ausente durante casi tres semanas y estoy ansioso por reunirme con mi joven familia. Pero después de un par de horas de espera, conseguimos despejarnos del aeropuerto, que más tarde descubriré consiste en un par de cabañas en una isla desolada y arrasada por el viento, y estamos en camino. Echo un último vistazo por la ventana a la Antártida que es tragada por la nube de abajo. Qué privilegio ha sido.

21 de febrero, aeropuerto de Santiago, Chile

Me siento en el aeropuerto tomando una cerveza y esperando mi vuelo de 14 horas de regreso a Londres. Las imágenes de hielo y montañas, y la abundancia de vida en las aguas antárticas, todavía están frescas en mi mente: me hacen sonreír mientras escribo. Descubrí que no poseo piernas de mar, pero sin embargo he logrado publicar artículos del barco, tratando de darles a los lectores una idea de lo que está en juego aquí, y cómo un nuevo santuario podría comenzar a abordar algunos de esos problemas. . Siento que he ganado una apreciación de por vida por este lugar verdaderamente extraordinario y una comprensión, que espero haya quedado reflejada en mis informes, de que, aunque la Antártida parece una naturaleza intacta y prístina, está amenazada por los peligros demasiado familiares de cambio climático y pesca a escala industrial. Mientras me desplazo a través de mis correos electrónicos a la espera de abordar, leo algunos informes sombríos sobre las temperaturas anormalmente altas en el otro lado del mundo, en el Ártico. Esto solo refuerza la impresión primordial que me ha dejado al final de este viaje: si no despertamos a las amenazas que enfrentamos y cambiamos, este lugar, junto con muchas otras cosas, se perderá.

THE GUARDIAN

HUMOR DE LINIERS

Un rito del pueblo selk’nam llega al teatro más famoso de Holanda

Antes del Hain es una pieza del poeta penquista Nicolás Barría y el compositor holandés Imre Ploeg. La estrenó el Coro de Cámara de Estudiantes de ese país, que este fin de semana finaliza una gira de nueve fechas en el imponente Concertgebouw.

En la noche de este sábado, en la por estos días gélida Amsterdam, se realizará el último de los nueve conciertos que contemplaba la gira del Coro de Cámara de Estudiantes de Holanda. Será en una de las tres salas del majestuoso Concertgebouw, con un programa inspirado en Guerra y paz de León Tolstói, con obras de autores tan diversos como Arnold Schönberg, Olivier Messiaen y los suecos ABBA.

En ese programa destaca también la obra de un penquista llamado Nicolás Barría (1988): Antes del Hain es una pieza para coro, solistas, percusión y arpa, que el compositor holandés Imre Ploeg compuso con un texto que remite a esa ceremonia del pueblo selk’nam, escrito por el profesor de la Universidad de Concepción, con estudios de magíster en Literaturas Hispánicas en la misma institución.

“Más que una canción, es como un ritual”, explica Barría, quien acaba de volver a Chile luego de participar de los ensayos y asistir a las primeras presentaciones, que se iniciaron en Rotterdam y finalizan este fin de semana en Wageningen, Utrecht y Amsterdam.

La pieza, que se extiende por cerca de diez minutos, será incluida también en el disco que recogerá las actuaciones y “es una mezcla de música clásica europea con ritmos latinoamericanos y con un fondo tribal”, describe el escritor chileno.

“Los cantantes están ubicados de la misma forma en que se realizaba el Hain. Todas las mujeres están en la parte de atrás, cantando la primera parte de la canción; los hombres están ubicados a los lados, en círculos, cantándose a ellos mismos y tratando de simular el canto de las mujeres, entonces hay como un eco fallido de los hombres hacia las mujeres, cómo los hombres trataron de impostar un ritual que en realidad era femenino. Finalmente, aparece un solista que es como la llave maestra, que es un cantante hombre pero con voz de mujer. Él reconecta lo masculino con lo femenino”, explica.

No es la primera vez que Nicolás Barría colabora con Imre Ploeg. A fines de 2016, el Coro de Cámara JIP presentó también en Holanda una composición en cuatro partes titulada Réquiem de la luz, con textos suyos y música de Ploeg junto a su hermano Jonathan, su compatriota Diederik ten Böhmer y el islandés Bjarni Gudmundsson.

Con el tercero de ellos, justamente, fue que Barría abrió su relación con Holanda: cuando se conocieron, colaboraron en la musicalización del poema “La risa del mudo”.

Esta vez, Antes del Hain parte en la obra de Tolstói pero se sitúa desde este lado del mundo: “Lo más lógico era hablar de colonialismo y, en particular, decido hablar de los selk’nam porque soy de Chile Chico, de la Patagonia”, dice Barría.

Según explica, “las guerras mundiales fueron un marco para este evento holandés y es interesante que los selk’nam justamente desaparecen al comienzo de la Primera Guerra Mundial. Era interesante mostrar esta suerte de esoterismo feminista, una explicación sobre un pasado matriarcal de la humanidad, vinculado además al chamanismo, a los poderes de la naturaleza”.

“El Hain es un ritual que nos permitía hablar de todas estas cosas simultáneamente: la relación entre la humanidad y la naturaleza, la relación entre hombre y mujeres y, principalmente, la relación que se establece entre los pueblos originarios latinoamericanos y Europa”, añade.

¿Se escuchará alguna vez la pieza en Chile? A Nicolás Barría le gustaría que fuera interpretada por la Orquesta Sinfónica de la Universidad de Concepción, pero admite que todavía no ha tenido conversaciones para que eso ocurra. “Igual yo presento mis obras como conciertos de poesía, así que de todas maneras va a ser presentada en un formato poético musical”, concluye.

Radio Universidad de Chile

Multi-modal survey of Adélie penguin mega-colonies reveals the Danger Islands as a seabird hotspot

• Alex Borowicz, 
• Philip McDowall, 
• Casey Youngflesh, 
• Thomas Sayre-McCord, 
• Gemma Clucas, 
• Rachael Herman, 
• Steven Forrest, 
• Melissa Rider, 
• Mathew Schwaller, 
• Tom Hart, 
• Stéphanie Jenouvrier, 
• Michael J. Polito, 
• Hanumant Singh & 
• Heather J. Lynch
• Scientific Reportsvolume 8, Article number: 3926(2018)

Received:

30 August 2017

Accepted:

20 February 2018

Published online:

02 March 2018

Abstract

Despite concerted international effort to track and interpret shifts in the abundance and distribution of Adélie penguins, large populations continue to be identified. Here we report on a major hotspot of Adélie penguin abundance identified in the Danger Islands off the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula (AP). We present the first complete census of Pygoscelis spp. penguins in the Danger Islands, estimated from a multi-modal survey consisting of direct ground counts and computer-automated counts of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery. Our survey reveals that the Danger Islands host 751,527 pairs of Adélie penguins, more than the rest of AP region combined, and include the third and fourth largest Adélie penguin colonies in the world. Our results validate the use of Landsat medium-resolution satellite imagery for the detection of new or unknown penguin colonies and highlight the utility of combining satellite imagery with ground and UAV surveys. The Danger Islands appear to have avoided recent declines documented on the Western AP and, because they are large and likely to remain an important hotspot for avian abundance under projected climate change, deserve special consideration in the negotiation and design of Marine Protected Areas in the region.

Introduction

Monitoring populations is essential to species conservation, and can be used to identify threats or changes in conservation status. Indeed, central to the Convention on Biological Diversity and related conservation measures is the assumption that we can quantify species diversity, abundance, and geographic distribution1,2. Numerous studies now suggest that Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) populations are undergoing dramatic shifts in abundance, with marked declines along most of the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) and associated sub-Antarctic Islands3,4,5,6,7,8 and sharp increases in the Ross Sea and Eastern Antarctica8,9,10,11,12,13,14. While the causal drivers of these changes remain unknown and may in fact vary across the continent, several studies have linked Adélie penguin population trends to changes in sea ice extent and concentration as well as changes in air temperature and precipitation patterns and their possible effects on prey availability14,15,16,17. Understanding the population dynamics of sentinel species, such as the Adélie penguin, will help illuminate the effects of climate change on less easily-studied components of the ecosystem18,19. Much of the concern regarding climate-driven changes has been focused on the WAP and South Shetland/South Orkney Islands, where Adélie penguin populations have declined sharply (~70%) over the last several decades20,21. Along the WAP, the northern end of Marguerite Bay (67°30′S) represents a clear boundary that divides areas of Adélie penguin population decline in the north from areas where abundances are either stable or increasing to the south22. Far less is known about Adélie penguin populations along the northern and eastern portions of the AP, a region perhaps more closely tied to the Weddell Sea in terms of climate and sea ice production than to the dynamics of the WAP23,24.

The Danger Island archipelago is comprised of 9 islands stretching over approximately 35 km at the northernmost tip of the AP in the north-western Weddell Sea (Fig. 1). Despite their relative proximity to the WAP, which sees much of the tourist and fishing ship traffic in the Antarctic25, pack ice is common around the Danger Islands even in austral summer26. In fact, due to the currents of the Weddell Sea, which drive sea ice northward, access to the islands is precluded in most years. Heroína Island, at the northeast end of the archipelago, is the most frequently visited of the Danger Islands and yet hosts a median visitation rate of only one ship landing per year27. It is also the only island to date with a population estimate (285,000–305,000) derived from a ground survey of the island28,29. While a previous geological expedition30 noted the presence of Adélie penguins on all of the Dangers Islands (with the exception of Darwin Island, which was not visited) and several others were photographed (by M.R. and S.F.) from a passing vessel in 2008/09, the presence of Adélie penguins on several of these islands went largely unrecognized until a recent Landsat satellite survey of the Antarctic identified several large penguin colonies supporting what appeared to be nearly 200,000 Adélie penguin nests31. The (re)discovery of these populations, combined with evidence that the Danger Islands as a group supported a regionally-significant population, motivated an expedition to the area. In this paper we report on the first comprehensive seabird survey of the Danger Islands and describe a heretofore unrecognized Adélie penguin hotspot. We document a novel multi-modal survey comprised of ground surveys and imagery from both satellites and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photographic surveys, the results of which were combined with historic aerial photographs to assess long-term change in the region. We also discuss the implications of this seabird hotpot for the design of Marine Protected Areas in the Antarctic Peninsula region.

From: Multi-modal survey of Adélie penguin mega-colonies reveals the Danger Islands as a seabird hotspot

Map a

(a) Map showing the location of the Antarctic Peninsula and (b), the location of the Danger Islands group on the Antarctic Peninsula, both created using ESRI ArcMap 10.0 (http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/). (c) Quickbird image of the Danger Islands taken 22 January 2011 (©2018, DigitalGlobe).

Results

Our survey found 751,527 (95th CI = [710,103–792,443]) nesting pairs of Adélie penguins in the Danger Islands (Table 1). When combined with known information on abundance elsewhere in the region21, we estimate the Danger Islands contain 55% of all Adélie penguins in subarea 48.1 as defined by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). This subarea includes all of the western AP, the waters north of the AP to 60°S, and a portion of the north-western Weddell Sea west of 50°W. Without the Danger Islands, 48.1 contains 606,526 (95th CI = [322,477–990,402]) Adélie penguin pairs21.

Visual comparison of available aerial, satellite, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images suggests that the area occupied by Adélie penguin colonies on the Danger Islands has remained stable or has modestly increased over the last 60 years, though our inference regarding dynamics is unavoidably limited by the lack of imagery between 1957 and 1990 (Fig. 2). A previous ground-based estimate28 of 285,000–305,000 Adélie penguin nests on Heroína Island in 1996/97 is remarkably consistent with our updated estimate of 292,363 nests. The consensus of all the data considered in this analysis strongly suggests that the Danger Islands have remained roughly stable since the earliest records of the 1950s, in stark contrast to declines seen along the WAP.

Figure 2

From: Multi-modal survey of Adélie penguin mega-colonies reveals the Danger Islands as a seabird hotspot

Guano areas (yellow) identified on Brash Island (at left) and Heroína Island (at right) from 1957 to present day. (a) and (h)manually classified from aerial imagery from 1957; (b) and (i) manually classified from aerial imagery from 1957 and reduced to 30 m cells for comparison with Landsat; (c) and (j): Landsat-4 in 1990 classified as described in Methods; (d) and (k)Landsat-7 in 2000 classified as described in the Methods; (e) and (l) Landsat-8 in 2015 classified as described in the Methods; (f) Worldview-2 image taken 19 February 2016 classified as described in the Methods (©2018, DigitalGlobe); (m)Worldview-2 image taken 2 December 2015 classified as described in the Methods (©2018, DigitalGlobe); (g) and (n) nests that were retained by the spatial filter marked as yellow dots overlaid on UAV imagery from ground survey described in this manuscript. Panels a, b, f, g, h, i, m, and n displayed using ESRI ArcMap 10.0 (http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/); Panels c, d, e, h, k, and l displayed using ENVI 5.4 (https://www.harris.com/solution/envi).

In addition to Adélie penguins, we found several populations (>100 nests) of gentoo penguins (P. papua), particularly at Brash Island, and one small population (27 nests) of chinstrap penguins (P. antarctica) at Heroína Island. Additional information on flying birds and marine mammal observations collected during this survey are included in Supplementary Information Table S1.

Discussion

This survey provides the first estimates of penguin abundance for this portion of the AP region and the first direct ground survey of the Danger Islands beyond Heroína Island, which was last surveyed in 1996/97. Our estimate is more than three times the abundance estimated by an earlier survey8, largely because several colonies, not known to exist at the time, were missed entirely. We find the Adélie penguin colonies on Heroína Island and Beagle Island are the third and fourth largest Adélie penguin colonies in the world21, respectively, and represent the easternmost Antarctic colonies (54°W) of all three pygoscelid penguins until 45°E. Our ground- and UAV-derived survey provides important validation of satellite imagery as a tool for the discovery of new penguin colonies, and demonstrates how satellite imagery and field expeditions can be used in concert to track penguin biogeography and long-term trends. Our discovery of a major hotspot of abundance in the Danger Islands is important for our understanding of the global distribution of the Adélie penguin, and should be considered in the development of future conservation measures such as Antarctic Specially Protected Areas (ASPAs) or Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).

At a regional scale this survey increases the total estimated abundance of Adélie penguins in CCAMLR subarea 48.1 by 68%. This dramatic increase in the number of known Adélie penguin breeding pairs radically changes our estimates of krill predation in the Northern Weddell Sea, in a portion of 48.1 that, notably, has not experienced the levels of krill fishing seen elsewhere along the Antarctic Peninsula25,32. The Adélie penguins found in the Danger Islands are among those penguins breeding north of the “Adélie gap,” a stretch of the coast along the WAP roughly 400 km long from the Adélie colonies on the southwestern shore of Anvers Island to the south, to Nelson Island in the South Shetland Islands and nearly the tip of the AP to the north33,34. This gap is devoid of breeding Adélie penguins and geographically differentiates those Adélie penguins to the south from those in the north in both summer and winter foraging habitat34. The new abundance estimate for the northern portion of subarea 48.1 highlights the spatial structure of predator abundance, and reveals an area of high abundance distinct from the better surveyed coastline of the WAP. Accordingly, an updated understanding of predator distributions, particularly the location of major abundance hotspots, may have implications for the management of prey resources35,36.

While our inference on past trends is unavoidably limited by the lack of prior ground surveys, our analysis of the available imagery suggests that Adélie penguin colonies in the Danger Islands have not suffered the net declines seen on the WAP, where some colonies have declined by an order of magnitude or even disappeared completely14,37,38. Our findings are consistent with recent modelling work39 showing that the warming of the WAP has followed a west-to-east pattern, such that the Danger Islands have been largely spared the environmental changes experienced by the South Shetland Islands and the northern portion of the WAP. In particular, the Weddell Sea has not experienced the significant loss of sea ice seen in the Bellingshausen Sea, and instead shows slight gains over the past several decades40,41, providing more consistent foraging habitat for pagophilic species such as the Adélie penguin. We recognize, however, that while the evidence for stability from 1990-present is well supported by the available imagery, the evidence cannot rule out sequential and roughly compensatory periods of increase and decrease in the earlier period (1957–1990)42.

Given the large number of Adélie penguins breeding in the Danger Islands, and the likelihood that the northern Weddell Sea will remain suitable for Adélie penguins longer than the rest of the Antarctic Peninsula region, we suggest the Danger Islands should be strongly considered for further protection, either through an extension of the proposed Weddell Sea MPA that falls just to its south or by way of an MPA in the Western Antarctic Peninsula43,44. Like the Ross Sea, the northern Weddell Sea represents an Adélie penguin hotspot of significant conservation value as a potential refugium under climate change. By establishing the distribution and abundance of penguins in this region, we hope to highlight its importance to regional and global populations, and encourage more regular monitoring of the region.

Methods

We define the Danger Islands as including (from north to south): Brash Island, Heroína Island, Comb Island (also known as Peine Island), Beagle Island, Platter Island (Plato Island), Darwin Island, and Earle Island (Fig. 1). Dixey Rock and Scud Rock are also located in this area and were also surveyed. These islands range from generally low and flat (Platter Island), to sheer cliff faces (Darwin and Comb Islands), with most containing a mix of steep scree slopes, flat areas, and cliffs. The islands are composed of intrusive igneous rocks, predominantly feldspar-rich gabbro, that were formed during the late Cretaceous and are of similar age to the plutonic rock formations at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula45. Data from this region are sparse, but during the last glacial maximum these islands may have been glaciated until around 6000 years before present (bp)46. While the Holocene occupation history of penguins on the Danger Islands is currently undescribed, radiocarbon-dated remains from other northern Antarctic Peninsula breeding sites indicates a relatively recent (~600 bp) advent of breeding populations47.

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Field survey

Surveys were conducted from the M/V Hans Hansson from December 9–18, 2015. We used a variety of survey methods on each island depending on conditions and time ashore, including one or more of the following methods: (1) manually counting individual nests, (2) counting individual nests in panoramic photos taken from the ground or the vessel, and (3) counting individual penguins from photographs captured by UAV. The combination of these methods allowed for efficient data collection with opportunities for cross-validation of survey methods. The precision of census counts varied by island (Table 1), and island-specific error estimates were propagated to the archipelago-wide confidence intervals for total abundance.

The timing of our expedition was ideal in terms of penguin phenology48, and the surveyed colonies were dominated by individual penguins incubating well-established nests. Our estimates of abundance, therefore, represent a count of all ‘actively’ incubated nests on each island. Active nests were those occupied by a penguin, noting that the presence of eggs or chicks in the nest cannot be determined from aerial photography. To facilitate counting, islands were divided based on the natural boundaries between “sub-colonies,” or naturally-occurring, discrete groups of penguin nests. For those sub-colonies too large to count accurately in their entirety, divisions were made based on natural markers within the sub-colony or, in their absence, using brightly coloured rope laid between nests; such subsections were counted individually. To ensure accuracy, each division was counted three times and these three counts were required to agree within 5% of their mean. If counts did not agree, divisions were further subdivided until three subsequent counts did agree within 5% of the mean. This 5% accuracy threshold corresponds to the ‘N1’ level of precision described by Croxall and Kirkwood49 and used regularly to report penguin abundance in the Antarctic (e.g., refs28,33,50).

Full, site-wide counts for Adélie penguins were conducted at Platter and Earle Islands, the latter of which was also surveyed by UAV (Table 1). Manual counts of well-defined Adélie penguin sub-colonies were conducted at Heroína, Brash, and Beagle Islands as a validation of counts based on UAV photographs. Where present, we conducted site-wide counts of gentoo penguins and chinstrap penguins as well (Table 1). Adélie penguin populations at Comb and Darwin Islands were counted from images taken on the ground or from vessels offshore of the islands using Adobe Photoshop’s count tool. On all islands, the presence of other bird or mammal species was noted opportunistically (Supplementary Information Table S1).

All research was conducted with under the approval of Stony Brook University’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (237420), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (18958), and following ethical review by the University of Oxford. This expedition was permitted under Antarctic Conservation Act Permit ACA 2016-011. An Initial Environmental Evaluation was approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency on 1 December 2015, and Advance Notification provided to the US Department of State.

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UAV-based survey

UAV surveys were performed with a DJI Phantom 3 quadcopter using its stock 1.2 Megapixel camera. The UAV was flown either manually or automatically using the mission planning software Map Pilot App to generate image coverage of each island with at least 70% overlap between images. Following the suggestions laid out by ref.51, a minimum height above ground of 25 m was set for all flights to avoid disturbance to wildlife, and a maximum height above ground of 45 m was selected to maintain image quality for penguin identification. The geotagged imagery collected with the UAV was post-processed using the commercial photogrammetry software Photoscan (Agisoft LLC, St. Petersburg, Russia) which generated full, georeferenced orthomosaics, a top-down view of the island – in which each pixel corresponds to a fixed physical dimension – of the surveyed islands and their penguin colonies.

Brash, Earle, Beagle, and Heroína Islands were surveyed using composite panoramic images captured by the UAV (example in Fig. 3). The timing of our survey was ideal for capturing incubating penguins on the nest and the imagery was, in the overwhelming majority of cases, unambiguous with respect to penguins that were incubating versus walking through the colony or from the ocean. To automatically identify and count the number of occupied nests in the UAV orthomosaics we used a Deep Neural Network (DetectNet) implemented in the open source software NVIDIA DIGITS (NVIDIA Corporation, Santa Clara, CA). DetectNet is based on the GoogLeNet image classification framework52and is specifically designed to locate multiple objects of the same type within an image, making it well-suited to the task of detecting penguins in aerial imagery. The DetectNet network was trained to detect penguins using 512 × 512 sub-images selected from the orthophotos of the four islands being analysed and manually annotated with penguin locations. The images were split into two groups, one for training the network and one for validation, with 160 images and 1237 penguins in the training group and 93 images and 673 penguins in the validation group. The manually-labelled training data constituted 0.18% of the imaged area and 0.34% of the imaged penguins providing a massive decrease in manual labour required. Once trained, full island detection was performed by splitting the orthophotos into 512 × 512 sub-images which were run through the trained detector in DIGITS.

Figure 3

From: Multi-modal survey of Adélie penguin mega-colonies reveals the Danger Islands as a seabird hotspot

UAV orthomosaic image of Brash Island (above), with examples of zoomed-in penguin rookeries (below), displayed using ESRI ArcMap 10.0 (http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/).

False positives generated by this automated nest detection algorithm were comprised of both individual non-nesting penguins and artefacts, such as rocks and shadows, that appear visually similar to nesting penguins. While nesting penguins are highly spatially structured, with strong attraction between individuals53, the false positives are largely spatially unstructured. We therefore applied an additional spatial filter to the detections, retaining nests based on the distribution of nearest neighbours. Points passing through this spatial filter are classified as unambiguous penguin nests and are retained; points rejected at this stage are comprised of false positives and a much smaller number of isolated nests incorrectly rejected by the filtering process. We validated our nest detections by manually counting a selection of each of the four islands surveyed by UAV (Brash, Earle, Beagle, Heroína), and created a simple linear regression model to estimate the number of nests based on the number detected (Supplementary Methods S1). These site-specific linear models allowed us to correct for any site-specific differences in the performance of the detection algorithm. Based on this analysis, we have classified our automated counts as ±10%$\pm 10\%$accuracy (i.e. an ‘N2’ count), though we note that the average difference between the automated nest counting of UAV imagery and an in situground count of the same portion of the colony was only 0.6% and so our estimates may be even more precise than suggested by an ‘N2’ designation.

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Historical aerial imagery

To understand the potential population trajectory of penguins in the Danger Islands region, the spatial extent of current penguin colonies can be qualitatively compared to historical aerial photographs (Fig. 2). We selected cloud-free photographs from the Falkland Islands Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE) for Heroína54 and Brash55 islands. These islands were chosen as the FIDASE archive contained quality photographs shot nearly on nadir and both had been fully photographed by the UAV. The islands were photographed in black and white on Jan. 31, 1957 at an altitude of 4115 m to a scale of 1:27000, and digitally scanned by the U.S. Geological Survey. Both island frames were georeferenced to WorldView-2 satellite images and divided into polygons using segmentation algorithms tuned to provide a segment size reasonable for further analysis using Quantum GIS56 (QGIS). In both cases, segments were manually classified by a skilled observer as “guano” to designate recent guano deposition, “guano-like” to designate areas thought to be guano but with less certainly, “old guano” to designate areas of guano accumulation not necessarily associated with active nesting, and “non-guano,” a classification encompassing rock, water, snow, and all other substrates not covered by guano (Fig. 2).

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Landsat satellite imagery analysis

Adélie penguin colonies identified in Fig. 2 were retrieved from Landsat imagery based on the algorithm described by refs31,57. The retrieval algorithm was originally developed for a single sensor and was modified in this case to operate on cross-calibrated data from Landsat-4 (imagery date 1990 in Fig. 2), −7 (2000) and −8 (2015). Cross-calibration among sensors was performed by calculating the mean difference of similar bands from Landsat-4 and-8 imagery compared to Landsat-7, and then adjusting the band values based on the mean differences in each spectral band. The algorithm was then applied to the cross-calibrated imagery to classify Adélie penguin colony areas.

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High-resolution commercial imagery

Areas of guano staining were manually identified in high resolution satellite imagery (Fig. 2 panels f and m). A selection of unambiguous pixels within the guano stains were used to select other pixels (using Adobe Photoshop) similar in colour, and areas were added and removed manually based on manual interpretation of the imagery combined with auxiliary information from the UAV imagery mosaics.

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Data availability

All Landsat data are archived by the U.S. Geological Survey. The data can be acquired at no cost via EarthExplorer (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/) and several other on-line tools hosted by the USGS. High resolution commercial satellite imagery (e.g., Worldview, Quickbird) is subject to a licensing agreement with Digital Globe, Inc. and inquiries should be directed to the Polar Geospatial Center (www.pgc.umn.edu/). UAV image mosaics, ArcGIS shapefile layers for penguin nests, and additional photographic data collected during this expedition may be obtained from the authors on request.

Additional information

Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Dalio Foundation, Inc. through the Dalio Explore Fund, which provided all the financing for the Danger Island Expedition. We are grateful to the crew of the yacht M/V Hans Hansson – Dion Poncet, Juliette Hannequinn, Alec and Gizelle Hazell for getting us to the Danger Islands and ensuring the safety and well-being of the research team during their work. We would like to thank additional support for analysis from the National Science Foundation (NSF PLR&GSS 1255058 - H.J.L. and P.M.; NSF PLR 1443585 – M.J.P.) and the National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NNX14AC32G; H.J.L. and M.S.). Geospatial support for the analysis of high resolution satellite imagery provided by the Polar Geospatial Center under NSF PLR awards 1043681 & 1559691.

Author information

Affiliations

1. Department of Ecology and Evolution, 113 Life Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States

   • Alex Borowicz
   • , Philip McDowall
   • , Casey Youngflesh
   • , Rachael Herman
   • , Mathew Schwaller
   •  & Heather J. Lynch

2. Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States

   • Thomas Sayre-McCord
   •  & Hanumant Singh

3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States

   • Thomas Sayre-McCord

4. Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom

   • Gemma Clucas
   •  & Tom Hart

5. Natural Resources and the Environment, James Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, United States

   • Gemma Clucas

6. Antarctic Resource, Inc., 303 S. Broadway, Suite 200-190, Denver, CO, 80209, United States

   • Steven Forrest
   •  & Melissa Rider

7. Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, United States

   • Rachael Herman
   •  & Michael J. Polito

8. Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States

   • Stéphanie Jenouvrier
   •  & Michael J. Polito

9. Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Univ La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France

   • Stéphanie Jenouvrier

Contributions

A.B. and H.J.L. wrote the main manuscript text and prepared the figures. S.J., P.M., C.Y., T.S.-M., T.H., M.J.P. and M.S. contributed to the manuscript. H.J.L., T.H., S.J., M.J.P., and H.S. conceived of and designed the project. S.J., M.J.P. and H.S. obtained funding for the expedition. A.B., P.M., C.Y., T.S.-M., G.C., R.H., S.F., M.R., T.H., and M.J.P. conducted field surveys. T.S.-M. and P.M. carried out the UAV imagery analysis. H.J.L. and M.S. provided satellite imagery analysis. A.B. conducted the historical aerial analysis. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Heather J. Lynch.

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